#12Q3) Waves and Optics

Determination of the frequency of a tuning fork using the sonometer

DifficultyMedium
Est. Time45 mins

Required Apparatus

A sonometer, a tuning fork of unknown frequency, a set of 0.5 kg weights, a light paper rider, a piece of the sonometer wire, a metre ruler, and a three beam balance.

Scientific Theory

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If ff is the resonance frequency, ll the resonance length, TT the tension and mm the mass of a unit length of the sonometer wire,

f=12 lTmf=\frac{1}{2~l}\sqrt{\frac{T}{m}}

If MM is the mass hang from the sonometer wire, T=MgT=Mg,

f=12 lMgmf=\frac{1}{2~l}\sqrt{\frac{Mg}{m}} l2=(g4f2m)Ml^{2}=(\frac{g}{4f^{2}m})M

Gradient of the graph of l2l^{2} against M=g4f2mM = \frac{g}{4f^{2}m}

f=(g4 m(gradient))12f=(\frac{g}{4~m(gradient)})^{\frac{1}{2}}

Experimental Method

  1. Suspend an initial load of 0.5 kg from the sonometer wire that passes over the pulley.
  2. Arrange the bridges to have a small gap between them and place the light paper rider in the middle of the wire over the bridges.
  3. Vibrate the given tuning fork and place it on the sonometer. Pull the two bridges apart to increase the gap until the rider is instantly thrown out of the wire.
  4. Obtain the fundamental resonance situation in this manner and note down the value MM of the suspended mass and also the length ll of the sonometer wire between the bridges.
  5. Increasing the value of MM by 0.5 kg each time and repeating the experiment obtain about six more relevant values of ll.
  6. In order to determine the value of mm (the mass per unit length of the wire) measure the length of the piece of sonometer wire by the metre ruler and its mass by the three beam balance.

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Important Points

1
  • When the vibrating tuning fork is placed close to the midpoint between the bridges of box, transmission of energy takes place well and this makes it easy to obtain resonance.
2
  • The following methods also could be employed to obtain resonance between the sonometer wire and the vibrating tuning fork:
3
* (i) Tuning by hearing: Keep on vibrating the tuning fork and the portion of the wire between bridges together. Starting from a small value increase the gap between the bridges until the two sounds are heard to be in tune.
4
* (ii) Tuning using beats: Vibrate the tuning fork and the wire between the bridges together and starting from a small value increase the gap between the bridges until the beats are heard. Then adjust the gap further until beats vanish indicating resonance.

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